http://www.bib-arch.org/e-features/sodom-and-gomorrah.asp
The expedition, headed by archaeologists Thomas Schaub of Indiana University of Pennsylvania and Walter Rast of Valparaiso University, excavated two of the largest sites in the plain—Bab edh-Dhra and Numeira—and discovered that both had been thriving Bronze Age cities that were destroyed at almost exactly the same time, about 2350 B.C.
The event was originally assumed to be a massive rockslide that
occurred in the valley of Ötztal, Tirol, Austria, and discovered in the
mid-19th century. A reevaluation of the evidence led researchers to
believe that the valley may have been hit by a small asteroid in 3123
B.C.; the record of the observation of this event was carved into an
Assyrian clay tablet known as the "Planisphere", which is believed to be
a copy of the night diary of a Sumerian astronomer.[1]
Dr. Steven Collins of Trinity Southwest University, who argues that Lot’s apportioned territory and all the “cities of the plain” (Genesis 13:8-13) should be located in the broad circular plain where the Jordan River meets the Dead Sea. First, according to Collins, Genesis 13 places the separation scene between Abraham and Lot somewhere around Ai and Bethel, an area that has commanding views over the northern Dead Sea and southern Jordan valley, not the southern Dead Sea region. Second, the passage describes Lot’s territory as the “circular” or “disc-shaped” plain (Heb. kikkar) of the Jordan, a term which Collins argues refers specifically to the broad alluvial
Min kommentar: jag slog upp ordet kikkar på BibleStudyTools.com och fick upp:
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| cake 1, cover 1, district 1, loaf 4, loaves 2, plain 4, talent 9, talents 38, valley 8 | |||||||||
plain of the southern Jordan valley just north of the Dead Sea.
Some suspected the air burst of this asteroid to be behind the downfall of both Bab edh-Dhra and Numeira, but they were not yet build when the impact occurred. In fact, there only were shaft tombs present at Bab edh-Dhra dating the Early Bronze 1A (EB 1A) period circa 3200-3100 B.C. that were used by nomads in the region. A small village area was found dating to the EB 1B period circa 3100-3000 B.C. However, the actual walled town at Bab edh-Dhra was not started until the EB II period beginning circa 3000 B.C., reached its greatest extent during the EB III period circa 2500 B.C. and lasted through the EB IV period ending circa 2100 B.C. The Numeira walled town was only occupied during the EB III period (ca. 2700-2200 B.C.). Thus, it is hard for these two towns to have been destroyed by an asteroid air burst in 3123 B.C. when they were not yet built and then lasted long after that date.[2]
Causes And Effects Of The 2350 BC Middle East Anomaly Evidenced By Micro-debris Fallout, Surface Combustion And Soil Explosion
Abstract of talk by Marie-Agnès Courty
Natural Catastrophes during Bronze Age Civilisations (Presented at the SIS Conference: 11th-13th July 1997)Vidare undersökningar tillåter att återundersöka naturen, åldern, orsaker och effekter av tredje årtusendets katastrof som identifierats vid våra tidigare fynd.
Test på olika sen Gird (?) - kanske ska vara Third? -millenium fKr- arkeologiska avlagringar (deposit) och och samtida (....?) ger bevis för den regionala händelsen i norra Syrien av ett lager med ett ovanligt petrografiskt ansamling (assemblage) daterat till ca 2350 fKr. (övergång mellan sen Tidig-Dynastsk och Tidig Akkad)
Det består av fin send?-sized, välsorterade små kulor (spherules) av olika sammansättning( silica, silicates och fiberstrålad calcite) milimeterstora fragment av ett svart, vesiculärt, amorft material av silicater med Mg-Ca karbonat och fosfat inslag, äggformade mikro-aggregater av tättpackade kristaller (calcit, gypsum eller fältspat) och exogena angulära fragment av en grtovt kristalliserad igneous sten.
Alla dessa partiklar återfinns endast i detta specifika lager och är fint blandad med lertegelsavfall eller med en ytbränd horisont i de samtida jordarna.
In occupation sequences, the layer displays an uncommon dense packing of sand-sized, very porous aggregates that suggests disintegration of the mud-brick construction by an air blast.
In the virgin soil, the burnt horizon contains black soot and graphite, and appears to have been instantaneously fossilised by a rapid and uncommon colluvial wash.
Occurrence in a previously recorded thick tephra deposit of particles identical to some of the mysterious layer and resemblance of its original pseudo-sand fabric with the exploded one of the mysterious layer confirms that the later is contemporaneous with the tephra deposit
It has been however impossible to find typical tephra shards in sites located at a few km around the one with the tephra deposit The restricted occurrence of the later suggests that the massive tephra accumulation can no longer be considered as a typical fallout derived from the dispersion of material from a terrestrial volcanic explosion.
Analytical investigations in various directions have been unable, so far, to refute or confirm that a cosmic event would have been the cause for production of both the widely distributed mysterious particles and the localised thick tephra. Origin of this mysterious phenomena still remains unsolved.
The excellent stratigraphical correlation between sites that are distant of a few hundred km clearly shows that the instantaneous dust fallout, previously considered as the initiative mechanism to the ca. 2200 yr BC abrupt climate change, occurred more than one hundred years earlier.
The loose soil fabric, originally correlated with effects of strong winds and rapid establishment of aridity, can now be re-interpreted and possibly assigned to a violent blow-up.
The theory of the Akkad empire collapse has, however, lost its basis.
Soil specialists, geochemists and archaeologists should join their effort to solve this problem, and debate the exact nature of the socio cultural echo to this extraordinary event Our study illustrates the exceptional potential of archaeological sites to offer well preserved sedimentary archives of instantaneous phenomena that have shacked past terrestrial environments. It also demonstrates the importance of a high temporal resolution for debating causality of natural catastrophe on societal phenomena. Soil-sedimentary markers are in a way less subjective than historical sources for providing such a precision, although their interpretation might also be controversial, particularly when facing lack of analogues from the past or the present.
MARIE-AGNÈS COURTY is a geologist and researcher at the French Centre for Scientific Research. Her scientific background is in Earth Sciences, Quaternary Geology and Prehistory.
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